Steatorrhea means passage of excessive fat in the stool. Most part of the stool is water with  a mixture of proteins, fat, fiber, bacteria, mucus and salts. In case of fatty stool, the stool is pale, has an oily or greasy appearance, it is bulky and has a foul smell. It may happen due to the lack of enzymes, or bile that digests food, or when the nutrients are not properly absorbed in the body.

 Homeopathic Management

Homeopathy offers supportive help in cases of steatorrhea along with conventional mode of treatment. Homeopathic medicines are prepared from naturally occurring substances that help in managing steatorrhea without any side effects. These medicines along with fatty stool also focus on managing its attending signs and symptoms. As the causes behind it vary from mild to serious, so it is advised to take homeopathic medicines only under supervision of a homeopathic doctor and never self-medicate. A homeopathic physician can do a detailed case evaluation and prescribe medicines individually for every case. In case homeopathic medicines can’t help, like surgical causes biliary atresia and serious causes like bile duct obstruction from gall stones, pancreatic cancer, gall bladder cancer, kidney / liver damage, the homeopathic doctor can refer conventional mode of treatment as homeopathy can’t help such cases. Also in cases where stool is bloody (red, black or tarry), stool has pus, high fever is there or there is chest pain, shortness of breath, changes in level of consciousness, it is advised to take immediate help from the conventional mode of treatment.

Top Homeopathic Medicines For Fatty Stool

1. Iris Versicolor – For Fatty Stool And Heartburn

It is a natural medicine prepared from a plant commonly called ‘blue flag’. It belongs to family Iridaceae. It is helpful for managing cases having fatty stool and heartburn. The stool smells fetid where it is required. Another major symptom is abdomen pain which is relieved by passing gas or by bending forward. Nausea and vomiting of bitter or sour watery fluid may accompany.

2. Phosphorus – For Fatty Stool In Case Of Pancreatic Disease

This medicine is well indicated to manage fatty stool in case of pancreatic disease. Along with oily stool, there is excessive emission of gas. The stool has an offensive smell, sometimes one suffers from diarrhea which causes exhaustion. In some cases, heartburn and sour belchings are also present along with the above symptoms.

3. Magnesia Carb – For Undigested Stool With Fatty Mass

It is a beneficial medicine when stool is undigested, loose and has fatty mass in it. Stool may be greenish or yellowish-green, mucus may also be present. There is gas in the abdomen which causes abdominal heaviness and bloating. There may be abdominal colic which gets better by bending double.

4. Iodum – For Fatty, Loose Stool From Pancreatic Disorders

It is useful for cases having fatty loose stool from disorders of pancreas. The stool may also be frothy and have white mucus in it. Loose stool is attended with exhaustion. Cutting pain in the abdomen may be felt, there is obstructed flatus in the abdomen. Vomiting with greasiness may occur.

5. Causticum – For Oily, Liquid Stool

This medicine is considered when stool is like an oily liquid with white mucus. Before passing stool, twisting pain in the abdomen may be felt. Nausea may occur after stool. Besides, sometimes there is distension of abdomen along with pain.

 6. Picric Acid – For Thin, Yellow, Fatty Stool

This medicine is indicated for cases having thin, yellow, fatty stool. Persons needing it have ineffectual urge to pass stool after which they feel excessive weakness. They also have rumbling of gas in the abdomen along with the above complaints.

7. Thuja – For Pale, Yellow, Copious, Greasy Stool

It is a natural medicine prepared from fresh twigs of plant Thuja Occidentalis having common name ‘Arbor Vitae’. This plant belongs to family Coniferae. It is a useful medicine for persons who have pale, yellow, copious greasy stool. The stool is expelled forcibly with noisy flatus. They feel rumbling in the abdomen along with bloating with gas.

8. Bambusa Arundinacea – For Greasy, Fatty Stool And Diarrhea

It is another medicine indicated for greasy, fatty stool and diarrhea. In cases needing it, severe diarrhea is there. Other than this, there is bloating and rumbling noises are felt in the abdomen.

What Are The Reasons Behind It?

It may arise from eating diet with high fat/fiber content which results in temporary steatorrhea.

When it is severe or it is a persistent complaint, then it may be due to some medical condition that needs to be diagnosed and treated.

Bile (produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder), enzyme pancreatic lipases which breaks down fat and normal intestine function collectively play a role in fat absorption. So, steatorrhea may happen when there is some problem in any of these organs including pancreas, biliary tract or intestines.

Following are the medical conditions that may result in steatorrhea.

First among them is cystic fibrosis. It is an inherited condition affecting the cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices. In this disease, there is severe damage to lungs and the digestive system.

Second cause is chronic pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). Pancreas releases enzymes that help in digestion of fat, protein, carbohydrates in the small intestine, and hormones to regulate the way our body processes sugar. Other than fatty stool, the symptoms that can occur in this condition are pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, unexplained weight loss, jaundice, intestinal blockage and internal bleeding.

Another cause is Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) in which the enzymes required for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients are not made or released by the pancreas in sufficient quantity.

Celiac disease is another reason. It is an autoimmune disease in which eating gluten (a protein found in wheat, barley and rye) leads to an immune reaction in the small intestine. It damages the lining of the small intestine, so the damaged intestine is unable to absorb some nutrients (malabsorption). Other than fatty stool, its signs and symptoms include diarrhea, foul-smelling stool, gas, bloating, fatigue, undigested food in the stool, weight loss and anemia.

It may also occur in case of biliary atresia (medical condition in infants in which there is a blockage, narrowing or absence of the ducts that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder), biliary stricture (the bile duct gets smaller or narrower), and obstruction of bile duct by gallstones.

Next cause is Crohn’s disease. It is one among the two diseases included in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is of autoimmune origin in which there may be inflammation in any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to the anus. In addition to fatty stool, its other signs and symptoms are diarrhea, abdomen cramps, undigested food in the stool, blood in stool, weakness, weight loss and malnutrition.

Another cause is whipple disease. It is a rare bacterial infection caused by Tropheryma whipplei that affects joints and digestive system.

Tropical sprue is also a cause. It is a malabsorption syndrome that occurs in travellers to the tropical regions or the natives of the tropics. It is thought to be caused by an overgrowth of bacteria in the intestine. It causes chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramp, indigestion, excessive gas, nausea and weight loss other than fatty stool.

Steatorrhea can arise in case of lactose intolerance. It results from deficiency of an enzyme called lactase due to which the sufferer is not able to digest the sugar lactose in the milk completely. Its symptoms occur after eating or drinking foods that contain lactose. It can cause fatty stool along with other symptoms including diarrhea, gas and bloating.

Infections of the GIT (gastrointestinal tract) caused by bacteria Clostridium difficile and parasite Giardia may also result in fatty stool.

Gallbladder stone, gallbladder removal or cancer of the gallbladder can also cause fatty stool.

Another cause is short bowel syndrome. It is a condition in which the body cannot absorb enough nutrients from the food eaten because of the small size of the small intestine. Other than fatty stool, it may cause signs and symptoms like diarrhea, fatigue, malnutrition, weight loss and swelling in the lower limbs.

It may also occur in case of kidney or liver damage.

Other than the medical conditions, it may also occur from taking certain medicines that block fat absorption, injury to intestine and gastric bypass surgery.

What Other Signs And Symptoms Can Attend It?

A person having steatorrhea passes bulky stool that floats and the stool is pale, covered with oily film and is foul smelling. It may be attended with other signs and symptoms depending on the cause behind it. These include diarrhea, gas, abdominal bloating, cramps in the abdomen, indigestion, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, jaundice exhaustion, and weight loss.

Ear pain, or Otalgia in medical terms, that persists needs medical intervention. While the pain may be one sided or both sided, it varies in intensity and can be mild, moderate or severe.  The nature of pain may also vary like dull, sharp, tearing, or throbbing. Earache mostly troubles children though it may affect persons of any age group. Earache usually occurs because of two reasons. The first is a primary or local cause, mainly an infection in the middle ear (Otitis Media). The second reason is the secondary or referred cause in which the pain does not start in the ear, but is referred secondarily to the ear through some primary problem in another part of the body.  Here, the primary problem can be in the teeth (dental caries, cutting the wisdom tooth) or throat infection (Tonsillitis).

Homeopathic medicines for ear pain offer a complete cure by treating the root cause of the condition. Prepared from natural substances, these remedies for ear pain have zero side effects and offer a complete cure for ear pain.

Top Homeopathic Medicines For Ear Pain

The top most medicines for treating ear pain are Belladonna, Pulsatilla, Chamomilla, Verbascum Thapsus, Merc Sol and Plantago.

1. Belladonna – Top Grade Medicine For Ear Pain

Belladonna is a natural remedy sourced from plant ‘deadly nightshade’. In most cases needing it, there occurs throbbing, tearing, shooting or stitching pain in ears. Pain feels very deep-rooted. The ear becomes hot and sensitive to touch. The slightest noise and chewing makes earache worse. In some cases, pain from the ear spreads to the face. It is an ideal remedy for ear pain arising from acute inflammation/infection in the middle ear (Otitis Media) or from a throat infection with pain in throat radiating to the ear.

When and How to use Belladonna?

Belladonna is highly recommended as a first line of treatment in cases of ear pain. This medicine relieves pain in ears wonderfully along with reducing swelling and inflammation, if present. It can be used in both low and high potencies, among which the most preferred is 30 C potency. Belladonna 30 C can be taken twice or thrice a day depending on the severity of the problem.

2. Pulsatilla – For Ear Pain With Ear Infections

Pulsatilla is a highly effective medicine for ear pain associated with ear infections. Here, it is given when there is shooting, pulsating, jerking, darting pain in ears. It gets worse at night and may continue throughout the night, extending to the head. It is attended with thick yellow / yellowish green ear discharge. There may be difficulty in hearing, the ear feels heavy and stuffed. At times, roaring or humming noises (tinnitus) are heard in the ears.

When and How to use Pulsatilla?

The foremost indication to use Pulsatilla is ear pain resulting from an ear infection with thick yellow or yellowish green ear discharge. Pulsatilla is usually recommended in 30C potency that can be taken twice or thrice a day. Its higher potencies can also be used but only after consulting homeopathic expert.

3. Chamomilla – When Ear Is Sensitive To Touch Along With Pain

Chamomilla is very helpful when the affected ear is very sensitive to touch along with pain. Nature of pain is stitching, pressing or tearing type. Pain may be severe enough to cause a cry. The ear is swollen along with heated sensation, the ear also feels blocked. Chamomilla is also well-indicated for middle ear infection with earache and fever. Warm application on the ear may offer some relief. Highly suitable medicine to manage earache in children, it is also one of the best medicines to treat cases where pain from teeth radiates to ears. Children needing it may be highly irritable along with pain in ear.

When and How to use Chamomilla?

The key symptom to use Chamomilla here is severe earache with marked sensitivity of ears to touch. It is highly recommended to manage earache in children when excessive irritability is present. It can be taken two to three times a day in 30C power.

4. Verbascum Thapsus – For Ear Pain And Hearing Difficulty

Verbascum Thapsus is the best medicine for managing ear pain and hearing difficulty along with  a feeling of ear blockage. It is also highly recommended for ear pain of nerve origin. It is indicated when ear ache is part of the facial pain of nerve origin (Trigeminal Neuralgia). The pain is more pronounced on the left side and gets worse with the slightest movement. The ear is always dry inside.

When and How to use Verbascum Thapsus?

This medicine can be used when the leading complaint is ear pain with hearing difficulty. Next it can also be taken when ear pain is of nerve origin and is a part of trigeminal neuralgia. It can be taken once or twice a day in 30 C potency, but for high potency seek a physician’s advice. Verbascum Thapsus is popularly known as Mullein Oil and can also be administered as ear drops on the affected side of the ear for relieving earache and dry scaly condition of ear meatus along with internal usage in 30C potency.

5. Merc Sol – For Earache In Case Of Sore Throat

This medicine is suitable to manage ear ache in cases of sore throat. The key feature to use this medicine is pain in throat extending to ears. Pain in ears can be shooting or tearing type which gets worse at night and from warmth of bed. Thick yellow discharge from ears may be noted. At times, pus having foul odor gets discharged from ears.

When and How to Use Merc Sol?

Use of Merc Sol should be considered in cases where earache occurs in cases of sore throat with pain radiating from throat to ears. To begin with, one may take Merc Sol 30C twice a day. Its higher potencies can be used as well but only after consulting a homeopathic physician.

6. Plantago – For Earache Associated With Toothache

Sourced from plant ‘ribwort’, Plantago is a natural and highly beneficial medicine to manage pain in the ear related to toothache. Persons needing it complain of sharp pain in ears and teeth. The reason may be tooth decay.

When and How to Use Plantago?

Consider it as a first remedy in earache cases associated with dental issues with marked toothache. You may take this remedy in 30C potency two to three times a day for good relief.

What Are The Causes Behind Ear Pain?

The causes can be divided into primary and secondary causes:

A) Primary causes: The causes that lead to earache originating within the ear are primary causes.

1.Ear infections: It remains one of the main causes behind ear pain that can relate to either outer, middle or inner ear.

a) Outer ear infection/ otitis externa: Also named swimmer’s ear, infection occurs in outer ear canal usually from trapping of water in ear from swimming that favours bacterial growth.  Cleaning ears with earbuds/hairpins and use of ear devices like hearing aids may cause scratches in the ear which also increases chance of infection.

b) Middle ear infection (otitis media)is a bacterial/viral infection in the middle ear, which is the air-filled space behind the eardrum. It arises mainly from cold/flu when infection spreads to throat and via eustachian tube to the middle ear.

c) Inner ear infection (labrynthitis) results from viral or bacterial infections from cold or flu.

2. Ear blocked from earwax: Excessive build-up of earwax deep inside the ear canal may sometimes cause earache.

3. Barotrauma: Ear has a eustachian tube that works to regulate air pressure inside and outside the ear. When ear damage occurs from pressure changes inside and outside the ear, it is called barotrauma that can caused earache along with hearing loss, dizziness and pressure inside the ear. Some examples that can cause imbalance in pressure are flying in airplane, scuba diving, travelling in the hills, etc.

4. Foreign object stuck in the ear

5. Perforation (a hole) in eardrum

6. Blocked eustachian tube

7. Skin problems affecting ears (herpes zoster oticus, dermatitis of ear)

B) Secondary causes: When the cause of earache relate to a medical problem in some other part of the body other than the ear, it is referred to as a secondary cause. Some such causes are as follows:

1. Dental problems (cavities, infected tooth – tooth abscess means pus pocket in tooth from an infection)

2. Sinusitis (inflammation of lining of the paranasal sinuses)

3. Sore throats or tonsillitis(inflamed tonsils)

4. Temporomandibular joint disorder: Pain and restricted movement of jaw due to some problem (for example, inflammation, infection, injury) of temporomandibular joint that connects lower jaw to skull.

5. Trigeminal neuralgia: Electric shock-like pain on one side of the face from irritation, compression or injury of trigeminal nerve.

What Other Signs And Symptoms May Attend Ear Pain?

Depending on the cause, pain in ears can be attended with other signs and symptoms like ear discharge, hearing loss, fullness in ears, noises in ears, clicking or popping in ears, redness/swelling of ears, eruptions on ears, fever, headache and jaw pain. In children, pulling the ear, irritability, excessive crying, loss of appetite may be felt.

Sensory processing disorder (SPD) refers to a condition in which there is a problem in processing sensory stimuli by the brain and giving an appropriate response. Sensory stimuli include sight, sound, smell, taste and touch. It may affect only one sense or many senses, or all the senses. Earlier known as sensory integration dysfunction, a person is either oversensitive to sensory stimuli resulting in overreaction or maybe hyposensitive resulting in late or no response to a serious sensory stimulus. SPD usually affects children and starts when the child is a toddler, but it can affect adults too. Sensory processing issues are commonly seen in autism spectrum disorders but not in everyone having such disorders.

Homeopathic Management of SPD

Top Homeopathic Medicines For Treating SPD

1. Chamomilla – Top-Grade Medicine For SPD In Children

It is a top-grade homeopathic medicine for managing multiple health concerns in children. In cases of SPD, it stands out to be the most prominent medicine when the senses are hyperactive. There is marked sensitivity to noise, touch, pain and smell. Children who need it are very sensitive to noise and music. They are extremely sensitive to pain too. They are intolerant to pain and tend to become violent from pain. Sensitivity to touch is also there and they have great aversion to being touched. They cannot bear anyone near them or being looked at. Intense sensitivity to every kind of smell is another notable feature. In general, the child is irritable, restless and impatient. He/she is ill- humoured, fussy, bad-tempered and throws up tantrums often.

2. Cina – For Marked Sensitivity To Touch

Cina is a highly valuable medicine to manage cases presented with sensitivity to touch. It can help cases when the child cannot bear the slightest touch or pressure as touch may cause muscle contractions (spasms). Child cannot bear the hair to be brushed or combed. In infants and small kids, there may be desire to be rocked fast. The child is extremely ill humoured, annoyed and irritable. There is a desire to scream, strike and bite others. Next sleep issues can be present. These includes restless sleep, screaming or talking in sleep.

3. Carcinosin – With Marked Hyperactivity And Desire For Excitement

This medicine is suitable for cases in which person has marked hyperactivity. There is great restlessness and a hurry fro everything. There is excessive desire for excitement like music, dancing, travelling. There is love for excitement of thunderstorms.  It is also one of the best homeopathic medicines for cases of autism, ADHD and OCD.

4. Tuberculinum – For Sensitivity To Music And Desire For Thrill, Excitement

It is well indicated medicine when there is sensitivity to music and desire for excitable, stimulating experience. Those who need it are restless, desire change, cannot remain for long in one place. They have impulse to run and break things.

5. Borax – For Sensitivity To Noise

Borax is a very effective medicine for cases in which sensitivity to noise is the main concern. Children needing it tend to get frightened and anxious with any kind of sound or noise. For example, they get frightened from noises like hawking, sneezing, coughing, lighting a match. Other than this, infants  and small kids may have marked anxiety while rocking or swinging. Fear of downward motion is very intense and characteristic. The child may be irritable and ill-humoured, in general.

6. Asarum Europaeum – For Intense Sensitivity To Slightest Noise

It is suitable for persons who get excited/ anxious/ nervous easily. It is a well-indicated medicine to manage hypersensitivity to noise. It is helpful where there is sensitivity to the slightest noise, like noise from scratching on a cloth or crackling of paper. Even the thought of noise that might arise from scratching something with fingernail results in an unpleasant thrill throughout the body.

7. Nux Vomica – For Sensitivity To Light, Odours, Noise, Touch, Pain And Music

It is an important medicine for cases in which there is oversensitivity to external impressions. It includes sensitivity to light, odour, noise, touch, pain and music. The person gets frightened by the least noise and is unable to bear pain. There is oversensitivity to strong odours which may even cause fainting.

8. Lachesis – For Excessive Sensitiveness To Touch And Pressure

Lachesis is one of the best homeopathic medicines for cases having excessive sensitivity to touch and pressure. Persons needing it have highly sensitive nerves, marked skin sensitivity with intolerance to touch and constriction. They are sensitive to tight clothing or anything that is tight-fitting. They especially cannot bear tight collars or neckbands or anything tight around the waist.

9. Phosphorus – For Sensitivity To Odors, Light And Noise

For managing sensitivity to odors, light and noise, Phosphorus is a very useful medicine. Those who require it tend to get startled quickly from noises; there is anxiety and restlessness in general. There is inability to sit still even for a while.  They have excessive sensitivity to smell, especially of flowers which may cause fainting. They are also sensitive to light. Emotional sensitivity is very marked in them.

10. Coffea Cruda – When Nerves And Senses Are Oversensitive 

Homeopathic medicine Coffea Cruda can be of great help when nerves and sense organs are oversensitive. Mind and body are hyperactive. It is well indicated when the skin is hypersensitive and touch is intolerable, with acute sensitivity to smell as well. There is pain intolerance with fear of death. Hearing is acute, person is sensitive to noise, music, voices, may even hear sounds coming distantly from far away. Sleeplessness is another issue that can be wonderfully addressed with this medicine.

11. Anhalonium Lewinii – For Increased Sensitivity To All Senses

Use of Anhalonium Lewinii can be considered for cases presenting with increased sensitivity of all the senses. The ordinary sounds appear exaggerated. The natural objects look excessively brilliant and flickering lights look brighter. There is a feeling of air being filled with perfume.

12. Colchicum – For Sensitivity To Bright Light And Strong Odors

Colchicum gives excellent results when there is sensitivity to bright light and strong odors. It works well when smelling is so acute that the person perceives the slightest odor which others cannot smell. There is intense nausea particularly from odor of eggs and meat, may even cause fainting.

What Is The Cause Behind SPD?

The exact reason behind SPD is yet unknown. But it is suggested that damage to the part of the brain (mid-brain and brainstem) where processing and coordination of multisensory information occurs, may result in sensory issues. It is believed that a genetic component may be involved and it tends to run in families. According to medical science, SPD is not a disorder in itself, it could be linked to some other disorders like autism, ADHD, OCD. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that causes problems in communication, social interaction and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour. Besides, it may be related to ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – a very common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity, problems in sustaining attention and concentration and impulsiveness).

SPD may be linked with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in which there occur uncontrollable thoughts that lead to repeated behavior, anxiety, behavioural disorders and developmental delays. Premature children also have high chances to develop SPD.

Symptoms, Categories And Subtypes Of SPD

It can affect any of the senses based on which the symptoms occur that vary from case to case. More than two lakh distinct pattern of symptoms can occur. These patterns are classified broadly into three categories – Sensory modulating disorder, Sensory based motor disorder, Sensory discrimination disorder (SDD).

A. Sensory Modulating Disorder: It has three subtypes —

1. Sensory over responsivity : A person has increased response, early response or prolonged response to sensory stimuli. Those suffering from it may show the following symptoms:

Problems with bright light like flash of camera, sunlight

Giving strong reaction to sound, smell

Getting startled easily

May feel sound is very loud and painful

Feel that even light touch of clothes causes scratching, itching or chafing of skin

May scream when touched

Intolerance to certain food textures, may be picky food eaters

May find hair combing uncomfortable

Cannot wear tight clothes

2. Sensory under responsivity: The person responds less intensely or responds late to a sensory stimuli. The symptoms may include

High pain tolerance

May not respond to extreme heat or cold

May be sluggish

May be unresponsive to anything around them

Can’t sit still and move regularly

Play roughly

May chew things like clothes, hands

May not feel dizzy on spinning

May have problems sleeping

May appear clumsy and uncoordinated

Touch things frequently or put things in mouth

Bump into wall, people often

3. Sensory craving: A person craves for intensely thrilling stimuli. In this disorder, person may be very impulsive, makes and seeks loud noises, feels like jumping, spinning, swinging high, etc.

B. Sensory based motor disorder: In this disorder, a person may have problem with balance, coordination and movement. It has two subtypes:

1. Dyspraxia: Also known as developmental coordination disorder, a person has problems in movement, coordination, thinking, planning and completing motor tasks (a specific task done by movement and coordination of a particular muscle).

2. Postural disorder: In this disorder, sufferer has issues with perceiving body position.

C. Sensory Discrimination Disorder (SDD): A person has difficulty in understanding and interpreting the difference in sensory stimulus. For example, he/ she may not be able to differentiate between different textures. It has the following 8 subtypes.

1. Visual discrimination disorder

In this disorder, a person can’t rightly process the stimuli that are seen. They may get confused between alphabets and numbers, for example, they have difficulty understanding if they saw b or d, p or q, 6 or 9 and may have difficulty in differentiating colours or shapes.

2. Auditory discrimination disorder

A person has problem in interpreting stimulus that is heard in this disorder. For eg, they may not understand if they heard mat or pat, or cars or card, they may talk too loudly or too quietly.

3. Tactile discrimination disorder

In this, a person has issues in detecting and responding to touch, temperature and pressure. For example, they may not be able to tell about a texture by touching

4. Olfactory discrimination disorder

If a person has difficulty in interpreting familiar or common smells, he has olfactory discrimination disorder. For example, he cannot identify if something is burning by smelling

5. Gustatory discrimination disorder

In this disorder, a  person has difficulty in interpreting, recognizing or differentiating different tastes. There is also inability to distinguish between food textures and temperature of food by eating

6. Proprioceptive discrimination disorder

There is problem in understanding sensory stimuli for using muscle and joints. A person is not able to determine how much force is needed by muscle and joint to interact with an object. For example, a person may not be aware how much force is required to hold an object, there may occur frequent breaking of utensils, slamming of door, etc.

7. Vestibular discrimination disorder

In this disorder, there are issues in interpreting stimuli arising from body movement through space. For example, a person may have problem in determining head and body position, may fall frequently, have poor posture and is clumsy.

8. Interoceptive discrimination disorder

There is difficulty in interpreting sensory message arising from body organs. For example, a person may not know if he is hungry or full, unable to tell if is thirsty or not, etc.

In addition to all the above symptoms, a child with SPD in general may be anxious, fussy, may throw temper tantrums, may have behaviour issues, low confidence, he/she may find be difficult to engage in activities like playing or initating a conversation.