What are Phobia And Claustrophobia?

Phobia is an excessive and irrational fear of an object or a situation. It is considered to be an anxiety disorder. In persons who have a phobia, a fearful situation or object having little or no danger leads to anxiety, panic attacks or avoidance and escapism. Claustrophobia is one of the major phobias. It is an abnormal fear of closed, small, narrow spaces or rooms. A person suffering from claustrophobia, panics and gets anxious when placed in a closed or small area. They feel trapped. The exact cause behind claustrophobia is not yet clear. But some factors are thought to play a significant role in making a person claustrophobic. The predisposing factors for claustrophobia include a genetic predisposition towards it, a reduced size of the amygdala, or a previous experience of being trapped in a constricted place or closed room. The homeopathic system of medicine treats psychological complaints like fears very well and without any side effects. A well selected homeopathic medicine for claustrophobia may help to overcome the problem ultimately. Therefore, Homeopathic treatment for claustrophobia is very safe, natural and reliable.

What Are The Symptoms of Claustrophobia?

The symptoms of claustrophobia can be divided into two aspects – mental and physical. Symptoms relating to the mind include – extreme fear, terror, anxiety and panic attacks. Physical symptoms include trembling, hot flashes, sweating, increased heart rate, palpitations, choking, an inability to breathe properly, tightness in the chest and sometimes diarrhea.

What Are The Triggers For Claustrophobia?

In a person who has claustrophobia, symptoms arise when the person is in a small or closed place. Sometimes they are triggered even by the thought of small, closed and confined places. Apart from closed and small rooms, there are a few other triggers for claustrophobia. Some examples are – elevators, tunnels, cellars, cars, airplanes, crowded places, and tight necked clothing. Any of these situations lead to terror or heightened fear in claustrophobic persons because they feel trapped. These patients go to lengths to avoid being in a situation that increases their anxiety levels and trigger a panic attack.

Best Homeopathic Treatment for Claustrophobia

There is an extensive list of medicines in homeopathy for treating claustrophobia. It is essential to take down the details and know the origin of the case when prescribing homeopathic medicine for claustrophobia. . The time period for which the medicines need to be used to see a significant result depends upon the duration, intensity, and frequency of the complaint. The top remedies used in the homeopathic treatment for claustrophobia are – Aconite, Arsenic Album, Pulsatilla, Lachesis and Argentum Nitricum.

Aconite is most helpful for acute panic attacks in claustrophobic people. The main fear in a person needing Aconite is of small places, crowded rooms and narrow streets. The person gets anxious, restless with marked palpitations, and fears collapse. The indications for using the homeopathic medicine Arsenic Album are quite similar to Aconite. In such cases too, fears, anxiety, and restlessness are the predominating symptoms. Pulsatilla works well as a homeopathic medicine for claustrophobia where the person has a fear of closed rooms and feels suffocated. It helps to open a window in the room. Lachesis is helpful for claustrophobic individuals who cannot bear tight clothing, collars or bands around the neck for fear of suffocation. Homeopathic medicine for claustrophobia Argentum Nitricum is an excellent choice for anticipatory anxiety in a claustrophobic person. In patients needing Argentum Nitricum, anxiety is triggered by thinking about the closed, narrow rooms or places in which they are yet to go.

Dysphagia is a term used to describe the difficulty in swallowing. Sometimes the patient experiences pain while swallowing fluids, solid and semi foods. This painful swallowing is called odynophagia. Dysphagia usually arises from disorders of the esophagus. Another cause for dysphagia is the weakening of nerves and muscles involved in moving the food down the throat and esophagus. The causes of dysphagia also include esophageal stricture, esophageal tumor, and achalasia. Neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, or injury to the brain and spinal cord also cause dysphagia. Homeopathic treatment for dysphagia follows a symptomatic approach to help such patients. An indicative picture of the individual is the first step towards selecting the most appropriate homeopathic medicine for dysphagia. The chances of recovery in dysphagia vary from case to case. In cases with mild symptoms, improvement with homeopathic treatment for dysphagia is possible. In cases with severe symptoms, homeopathy provides supportive help.  

Symptoms of Dysphagia

Symptoms of dysphagia vary from mild to severe. The symptoms of dysphagia include the feeling of food being stuck in the throat or behind the sternum; gagging, choking or pain while swallowing; heartburn; or regurgitation of food. Dysphagia may be noted while consuming liquids, solids or both. Dysphagia may lead to respiratory problems like aspiration pneumonia and also malnutrition.

Homeopathic Treatment for Dysphagia

1. Lachesis and Hyoscyamus – When Swallowing Liquids is Difficult

Lachesis and Hyoscyamus are effective medicines for dysphagia. They are effective when dysphagia for liquids is present. Lachesis is used when the patient has difficulty in swallowing liquids or even saliva. Pain and swelling in the throat are also present. There is choking when drinking liquids. Hyoscyamus is useful when there is a constricted sensation in the throat along with an inability to swallow liquids. Fluids may go the wrong way down the larynx. Other symptoms include a burning sensation and shooting pain in the throat.

2. Kali Carb and Alumina – When Swallowing Solids is Difficult

Kali Carb works when there is difficulty in swallowing solids along with gagging and vomiting. Kali Carb may also work well in cases of dysphagia from the stricture of the esophagus. In such patients, food may also go into the windpipe. Alumina works well when swallowing of solid food is difficult, painful and there is extreme dryness in the throat. The throat feels plugged. A patient needing Alumina can consume warm drinks with ease.

3. Baptisia and Baryta Carb – When There is Inability to Swallow Solids

Baptisia and Baryta Carb are some of the best medicines for dysphagia. They are helpful in cases where a person can only consume liquids, and there is gagging at the introduction of solid food. A patient needing Baptisia cannot swallow any solid food because of a constrictive feeling in the throat. Consuming only liquids is easy. Constriction at the cardiac end of the esophagus may also be present. Baryta Carb helps in cases when the patient consumes only liquids. Not even a slight amount of solid seems to move down the esophagus. Stinging and burning in the throat may also be present. Empty swallowing leads to a smarting pain in the throat.

4. Belladonna and Cactus – When the Patient Has To Drink to Swallow

Belladonna and Cactus are both significant treatment for dysphagia where the patient has to drink water to help swallow food. Belladonna works well when a person having dysphagia has to drink water to help swallow food. There is also a tendency to choke easily while swallowing. The food may go down the wrong way.
Belladonna is a medicine for painless dysphagia. Cactus is highly indicated when a person has to drink a lot of water to make the food move down the esophagus. Heat and constriction in the throat may also be the symptoms indicating the use of the Homeopathic medicine Cactus. A feeling of suffocation may also arise from constriction in the throat.

5. Anacardium and Hyoscyamus – For Dysphagia with Choking

Medicines that are most suitable for dysphagia with choking while swallowing are Anacardium and Hyoscyamus. The characteristic feature to use Anacardium is easy choking while eating or drinking anything. Scraping and rawness in the throat are also important symptoms for selecting this remedy. Hyoscyamus is effective when there is choking while drinking liquids as the liquid goes down the larynx instead of the esophagus. The fluid may also regurgitate and come out through the nose in some cases.

Speech delay is the most common type of developmental delay. A child not paying attention to other people and not responding to sounds is one of the first warnings of possible speech delay. In cases of speech delay, conducting a hearing test is the first step. Homeopathy is a well advanced and highly successful science. It is known to give promising results for developmental delays in children. Homeopathic treatment for speech delay is especially useful in treating children. 

Reasons behind Speech Delay

Primary reasons leading to speech delay include hearing problems, difficulties with the tongue or palate, a short frenulum, cerebral palsy and learning disabilities. Oral motor dysfunction is another reason behind the delay in speech. Oral motor dysfunction refers to inefficient communication in the brain areas that are responsible for speech production. In some cases, delay in speech may be a part of developmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder.

However, in many cases of speech delay in children, it is not possible to identify the exact reason. Homeopathic treatment for speech delay has proved to be safe, natural and very effective with no side effects.

Milestones of Speech Development

To be able to identify speech delay, it is essential to know the signs of speech development. Ordinarily, speech begins and develops as a child grows. There are age wise limits for the same. These can be listed as follows:
– In the beginning, the baby makes babbling or cooing sounds. Around the age of 9 months, the baby begins to say basic words like ‘mama’ and ‘dada.’
– Between 12 and 15 months of age, the child starts saying words other than ‘mama’ and ‘dada’ and can understand and follow simple one-step direction.
– Between the age of 18 and 24 months, the child can say about 20 to 50 words.
– Around the age of 2 years, children can combine two words to make simple sentences. By now, the child can identify body parts and point to the eyes, ears, nose and is capable of following two step commands.
– By the time a child is 2 to 3 years old, his vocabulary has increased manifold. He is now able to combine three or more words to form a sentence. At this stage, the child’s comprehension also starts to improve.
– By the age of 4, the child can use about five words in a sentence and can tell a short story or recite a short nursery rhyme.

Red flags indicating Speech Delay in children

A child lagging in speech development should be properly evaluated to find the cause behind it. Evaluation is essential so that the right treatment may start without delay at the appropriate age. Some age-related red flags for speech delay that point to the need for evaluation is:
-No babbling sounds at nine months
-No first words at 15 months
-The child is unable to speak three to six words at 18 months
-At two years of age, the child is unable to combine words, and it ‘s hard to understand the child’s speech.

Homeopathic Treatment for Speech Delay

Homeopathic medicine for speech delay used for helping a child with late speech development include Agaricus Muscarius, Baryta Carb, Calcarea Carb, Calcarea Phos, Natrum Mur, Silicea and Tuberculinum Bovinum. Each homeopathic medicine for speech delay has certain unique properties. To decide which homeopathic medicine for speech delay suits the child, there needs to be an in-depth case study of the child. This includes getting familiar with the child’s constitution. Once a proper analysis is done, the most suitable homeopathic medicine for speech delay is used to help establish speech in the child.

The earlier a child gets started with homeopathic treatment for speech delay, the higher are the chances of developing or improving speech. Homeopathic medicines treat cases of late speech in a very safe and gentle manner. The main advantage of adopting homeopathic medicine for speech delay is that it is free from any toxic side effects.

Grief is an emotional response. It is mental suffering that follows the loss of someone or something. The loss can be anything from the death of a loved one to the losing of a job, the parting of a relationship, or even ill health. The period of grief varies from person to person. Everyone reacts differently to grief. Some people go into a phase of deep sorrow but as time passes they accept the loss and move on with their lives. Other people are unable to move forward and accept reality. When grief lasts too long, and symptoms do not fade with time, it is known as complicated grief. Homeopathic treatment for grief and sadness works very efficiently to help recover from such cases of depression.

Homeopathy is a highly successful mode of treating psychological issues including grief and depression. They are highly suitable and give excellent results in treating both acute and chronic grief. These medicines are non-habit forming and do not have any side effects.

Symptoms of Grief

A person in grief displays many symptoms. Symptoms include crying, a feeling of sadness and bitterness towards life. Patients also feel detachment from others, a desire for loneliness, numbness and suicidal thoughts. Other symptoms are a loss of appetite, sleeping problems, nightmares, weakness, headaches, and body aches.

Homeopathic Medicines for Grief and Sadness

1. Ignatia – A Top-Listed Homeopathic Medicine for Grief and Sadness

Ignatia lists amongst top grade homeopathic cure for treating grief and sadness. It offers a lot of help in handling grief and is usually the first choice in cases where the patient is in sorrow. Grief arising from the death of loved ones and disappointments in love is dealt with very well with the use of Ignatia. Noticeable symptoms of a person needing Ignatia are crying, sighing, sobbing, sleeplessness and a desire to stay by themselves. The patient is in a constant state of deep thought. Thoughts of the past incident dominate the mind.

2. Natrum Mur – Another Very Effective Homeopathic Medicine for Grief and Sadness

Natrum Mur is another very suitable homeopathic treatment for grief and sadness. This medicine works well in cases that turn chronic or complicated. A patient requiring Natrum Mur will usually be inconsolable and have prolonged weeping spells. Sympathy from others only worsens the symptoms. The patient seeks solitude and weeps in loneliness. Anxiety and an indifference to life accompany these symptoms. The mind is occupied by thoughts of the unpleasant episode that triggered the grief.

3. Aurum Met – Homeopathic Medicine for Grief and Sadness when accompanied by Suicidal Thoughts

Aurum Met is a very effective homeopathic treatment for grief and sadness accompanied by suicidal thoughts. It works for patients so consumed with grief that they want to end their life. A person in need of this treatment suffers from complete hopelessness and lacks the ability to face up to the unpleasant circumstances. He feels that suicide is the only way out.

4. Phosphoric Acid – Excellent Homeopathic Medicine for Grief and Sadness Accompanied by Weakness

In cases of grief which are accompanied by weakness, homeopathic medicine Phosphoric Acid works wonders. Phosphoric acid is a well indicated homeopathic treatment for grief and sadness when attended with tiredness. Extreme loss of weight is another symptom, as well as complete indifference to everything. There is no interest in life or the outside world. The patient does not wish to go out, remains inside the house, and does not feel like speaking with others.

5. Ambra Grisea and Kali Bromatum – Homeopathic Medicines for Grief and Sadness After Business Failure

Ambra Grisea and Kali Bromatum are useful homeopathic remedies for treating depression that arises from failure in business. These medicines should be in cases where the patient cries a lot and is unable to sleep as a result.

Mucus produced by the lining of the respiratory system and discharged through the mouth is called phlegm. It occurs because of inflammation or disease of the airway. There can be various causes of phlegm in the throat. The most common reasons are cold, allergies, sinusitis, hay fever, postnasal drip, tonsillitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, overuse of voice and cigarette smoking. The color of the phlegm coughed up as sputa vary from white to yellow and green. In some cases, it may also be bloodstained. This problem can be dealt very efficiently with the help of treatment for phlegm in the throat. Homeopathy for a particular case of phlegm in the throat should be selected individually. The nature of phlegm, its cause, and other symptoms need to be dealt with together when deciding on the homeopathic medicine to be used. Homeopathic treatment for phlegm in the throat helps clear out the infection.

Using the accurately selected homeopathy medicine for phlegm in the throat can cure even the most chronic and rigid cases. Among the extremely effective homeopathic treatment for phlegm in the throat are Argentum Nitricum, Kali Bichrome, Kali Carb, Argentum Metallicum, Kali Mur, Silicea, Pulsatilla, Phosphorus, and Psorinum.

Best Homeopathic Treatment for Phlegm in the Throat

1. Argentum Nitricum – For Phlegm With Marked Hawking

Argentum Nitricum is one of the most effective treatment for phlegm in the throat. It gives great results for phlegm in throat accompanied by intense hawking. The mucus in the throat is thick, and there are rawness and roughness in the throat. Splinter-like sensation in the throat may also be present. Other symptoms are a burning feeling and dryness in the throat and the fauces.  Argentum Nitricum is also very effective in cases of phlegm in the throat because of smoking.

2. Kali Bichrome – For Tough and Stringy Phlegm In the Throat

Kali Bichrome leads the list of treatment for phlegm in the throat in cases where the phlegm is tough and stringy. It sticks to the throat and detaches with much difficulty. The throat is also red and inflamed. A cough may arise from sticky phlegm in the throat. Relaxation of the uvula is also a possibility. Kali Bichrome is an excellent treatment for cases of phlegm in the throat caused by sinusitis. In such situations, a post nasal drip of mucus in the throat is the most prominent symptom.

3. Kali Carb – For Phlegm Hard to Swallow or Hawk Up

Kali Carb is another often used medicine for phlegm in the throat. It is an excellent remedy in cases where the phlegm in the throat is hard to swallow or hawk up. The phlegm remains stuck in the throat. Its accumulation is worse in the mornings and is also accompanied by a hard cough. There is also tickling in the throat which leads to a cough. The phlegm in the throat is like a lump and is unpleasant in nature. There can also be a stinging or stitching pain in the throat.

4. Argentum Metallicum – For Phlegm from Overuse of Voice

The complaint of phlegm in the throat of persons from overuse of voice – like singers and public speakers – is successfully cured with Argentum Metallicum. Symptoms include the need to hem and hawk while talking. The phlegm expectorated is gelatinous and sticky, like boiled starch, and is most commonly and freely coughed up in the morning. Another prominent symptom is hoarseness of voice.

5. Kali Mur, Silicea, Pulsatilla, Phosphorus, and Psorinum  – Other Effective Medicines for Phlegm

Kali Mur, Silicea, Pulsatilla, Phosphorus and Psorinum are excellent remedies for phlegm in the throat. Kali Mur is useful in cases where the phlegm coughed up is white or milky white. Silicea and Pulsatilla are homeopathic cures in cases where the phlegm is yellow and greenish in colour respectively. Phosphorus gives excellent results in cases where the sputa are blood stained. Psorinum is a well indicated homeopathic medicine when the phlegm is nasty smelling and has a disgusting taste.

Mumps is a viral disease affecting the parotid gland caused by the mumps virus. The parotid gland is a saliva producing gland which is located below and in front of the ears. When a person gets infected with the mumps virus, it affects the parotid glands where either one or both the parotid glands may get swollen. Homeopathic treatment for mumps is very useful in viral infections like these. 

Homeopathic Medicines for Mumps

Homeopathy for mumps works by boosting the body’s disease-fighting mechanism and encourage it to combat the mumps infection. Effective medicines for mumps are Belladonna, Merc Sol, Lachesis, Chamomilla, Apis Mellifica and Pulsatilla. Another medicine called Trifolium Repens is a prophylactic against mumps.

1. Belladonna – For Mumps Accompanied by Fever

Belladonna is one of the best medicine for mumps when accompanied by fever. In these cases, there is swelling of the parotid glands and marked pain. The pain is usually shooting or stitching in nature. Sometimes, the pain from the parotid gland extends to the throat. The patient’s face appears red and flushed with heat and the body temperature also rises. Other symptoms include a throbbing headache and dryness of the throat.

2. Merc Sol – When the Parotid Gland on the Right is Inflamed

Merc Sol is a highly effective medicine for mumps. It is used for mumps when the parotid gland on the right side is inflamed. Symptoms include an inflamed, swollen and highly painful parotid gland. There can also be swelling and a rise in temperature on the right side of the patient’s face. The pain in the parotid gland gets worse on swallowing. The patient can also experience a shooting pain in the right ear along with these symptoms. An increase in saliva and an offensive odour from the mouth are other symptoms.

3. Lachesis – When the Parotid Gland on the left is Inflamed

Lachesis is another very effective medicine for mumps. It works very well in treating left sided parotid gland inflammation in mumps. In such cases, the left side of the face is highly sensitive to touch which worsens the pain. The area around the left ear and cheek is red and hot to touch. The pain gets worse on swallowing, especially warm liquids.

Lachesis is also one of the top listed remedy for Septic Parotiditis.

4. Chamomilla, Apis Mellifica and Pulsatilla – Other Useful Remedies

Other beneficial medicines for mumps are Chamomilla, Apis Mellifica and Pulsatilla. Chamomilla is used for inflammatory swelling of the parotid gland when accompanied by intense unendurable pain, irritability, and restlessness. Apis Mellifica is useful in cases where metastasis of mumps infection to the brain appear. Another medicine for mumps, Pulsatilla, is used when metastasis of mumps infection to mammae, ovaries or testes has occurred.

Causes of Mumps

The mumps virus causes mumps. It is a highly contagious disease and spreads rapidly from the infected person to others. A person may get infected with the mumps virus by coming in direct contact with an infected person, through infected saliva, or by inhaling respiratory droplets infected with the mumps virus.

Symptoms of Mumps

A patient with the mumps virus will complain of not feeling well and develop a fever. These symptoms will be followed by the swelling of the parotid glands accompanied by pain. The pain will get worse while eating. Other symptoms may include a headache, earache, muscle aches and poor appetite.

Bursa is a bag-like cavity around a joint containing fluid (synovial fluid) that serves to reduce the friction between the bone and the surrounding structures, including tendons, ligaments, and muscles. The inflammation of this bursa around the knee joint is referred to as Knee Bursitis. The main bursa of the knee that is mainly involved in inflammation is prepatellar bursa in front of the knee. The main cause of Knee Bursitis is trauma from a fall or a blow on the knee. The trauma may be a single episode or it may be repeated falls as with athletes. Another key factor leading to Knee Bursitis is kneeling in excess. Bursitis due to kneeling is found mostly among people whose occupation demands excessive kneeling, like housemaids and coal miners. Several names have been given to Knee Bursitis depending upon the occupational background of the person that may have resulted in Knee Bursitis. For example, in case of housemaids working for long hours in kneeling, squatting position, Knee Bursitis will be called Housemaid’s Knee and in coal miners,  this condition will be named Coal Miner’s Knee. The symptoms arising from Knee Bursitis are mainly redness and swelling over the knee joint along with pain, warm sensation, and tenderness. Homeopathic remedies are of great help in the treatment of Knee Bursitis. The Homeopathic remedies for Knee Bursitis are made of natural substances and are completely safe with no side effects.The Homeopathic treatment for Knee Bursitis can provide complete recovery from Knee Bursitis.

Homeopathic Treatment for Knee Bursitis

Knee Bursitis can be treated very effectively with natural Homeopathic medicines. The most suitable Homeopathic medicine is picked from a wide range of remedies depending upon the characteristic symptoms narrated by the patient. When the carefully selected Homeopathic medicine is taken, pain, tenderness and swelling begin to fade, followed by complete recovery from Knee Bursitis.

Top Homeopathic Remedies for Knee Bursitis

Arnica: Best Homeopathic remedy for Knee Bursitis due to trauma, fallor knee blow

Arnica is the best natural Homeopathic remedy for Knee Bursitis when trauma, falls and blow on knee (as with blunt instrument, ball, etc) have led to inflammation of knee bursa. Arnica is a very beneficial Homeopathic medicine in both cases of Knee Bursitis caused either by a single trauma episode or repeated trauma over knee bursa. There are various symptoms that guide towards using Arnica for Bursitis. These are marked swelling and pain in knee. The pain in most cases gets worse from slightly touching the knee. The patient also fears being approached by other persons as the slightest touch of the knee increases the pain. The knee is also very sore and a few persons may also experience a feeling of soreness and bruised sensation as if someone has beaten them up on the knee. Arnica is also the best Homeopathic remedy in cases of Knee Bursitis where the pain and swelling increase after over-exerting.

Sticta: Top Homeopathic remedy for Housemaid’s Knee

For treating cases of Housemaid’s Knee, the best natural Homeopathic medicine is Sticta. It is the ideal remedy when there is intense inflammation and redness over the knee joint. Marked heat also shows its presence along with redness. The pain felt is excruciating and shooting in nature. The pain is not located just over the knee but the whole surrounding area of knee hurts and is inflamed. Homeopathic medicine Sticta always brings about excellent recovery in persons suffering from Housemaid’s Knee. All the symptoms like swelling, redness and pain are well controlled in a very little period.

Apis Mellifica: Homeopathic medicine for Knee Bursitis with stinging and burning pains

Apis Mellifica is a wonderful natural Homeopathic remedy for stinging and burning type of pain in Knee Bursitis. Majority of persons needing Apis Mellifica feel increased pain from warmth. Touch and pressure are other factors that worsen the pain in knee. Another marked feature along with pain is shining swelling over the knee. The pain and swelling may appear over one or both knees or it may shift from one knee to another.

Bryonia Alba and Rhus Tox: Top Homeopathic remedies for Knee Bursitis

Both Bryonia Alba and Rhus Tox are natural Homeopathic remedies of great help for the treatment of Knee Bursitis. Both can help in reducing the inflammation and relieving the symptoms of Knee Bursitis. Which of these two remedies is best for you depends on the unique individual symptoms. Bryonia Alba is the best Homeopathic remedy when the pain over knee gets worse on movement while rest seems to provide relief to the patient. For Rhus Tox to be prescribed, the symptom is knee pain getting worse by rest and walking providing relief. Both these Homeopathic medicines also help in reducing swelling, pain, heat, tenderness and stiffness of knee. Rhus Tox is also a very beneficial Homeopathic remedy for Knee Bursitis because of over-straining of knee.

Kali Lod: Homeopathic treatment for Knee Bursitis with aggravation at night

Natural Homeopathic medicine Kali Lod can help in all those cases of Knee Bursitis where the symptoms are felt mostly at night. The pain is most of the times tearing in nature and the skin of knee shows a marked swelling and inflammation with effusion. Motion brings relief from the pain.

Ruta: Homeopathic medicine for Knee Bursitis when bending or kneeling worsens the pain

Natural Homeopathic remedy Ruta is an excellent cure for Bursitis when kneeling and bending the knee worsen the pain. Ruta brings about complete recovery in such cases. Homeopathic remedy Ruta has a marked action on tendons and ligaments apart from bursa. So, in Knee Bursitis cases, Ruta helps in reducing pain as well as recovery from the wear and tear that has occurred in ligaments and tendons.